Seven months after Huang Yu's pet cat Garlic died, the British shorthair was given a 10th life.
Born on July 21, the new Garlic was created by Chinese firm Sinogene, becoming the Beijing-based company's first successfully copied cat.
The pet-cloning outfit has made more than 40 pet dogs—a procedure that costs a hefty 380,000 yuan ($53,000), while the price for a cat comes in at 250,000 yuan ($35,000).
Mi Jidong, the company's chief executive officer, told AFP that despite the high price tag, not all clients were high earners.
"In fact, a large proportion of customers are young people who have only graduated in the last few years," he said.
"Whatever the origin of pets, owners will see them as part of the family. Pet cloning meets the emotional needs of young generations."
Huang, 23, was overjoyed on first seeing Garlic's second incarnation, saying the "similarity between the two cats is more than 90 percent".
"When Garlic died, I was very sad," said Huang. "I couldn't face the facts because it was a sudden death. I blame myself for not taking him to the hospital in time, which led to his death."
The happy owner says he hopes the personality of the new Garlic is as similar to his old white-and-grey cat as its appearance.
With a growing pet market in China, and a huge appetite among their owners for spending, Mi thinks the market for pet cloning is also set to rocket.
According to a report by Pet Fair Asia and pet website Goumin.com, pet-related spending in China reached 170.8 bn yuan ($23.7 billion) in 2018.
And the country's scientists have big aspirations for their next cloning challenge, working on the theory that if cats can be cloned, so can pandas.
Chen Dayuan—an expert at the Chinese Academy of Sciences who has been researching giant panda cloning for 20 years—said there could even be scope for cats to give birth to cloned baby pandas, which are smaller than baby cats despite their large size when fully grown.
Pet cloning is illegal in many countries but approved in countries including South Korea and the US, where singer Barbra Streisand announced last year she had cloned her dog.
The first major success in animal cloning was Dolly the sheep, born in Britain in 1996 as the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.
In 2005, researchers in South Korea cloned the first dog. The Sooam Biotech Research Foundation in Seoul says it has cloned some 800 pets and charges $100,000 each.
After photographer Monni Must's 28-year-old daughter Miya committed suicide while in the midst of an abusive relationship, the grieving mother adopted Miya's spunky black Labrador, Billy Bean.
Last year, as the 10th anniversary of her daughter's death approached, the dog was nearing 13 and becoming increasingly frail.
"I knew that I was falling apart," said Must.
The thought of Billy dying was just more than I could handle."
So she decided to clone her.
She paid more than $50,000 for what is essentially an identical twin of Billy, born at a later date.
"I have three other daughters and they thought I had completely lost my mind," Must said.
Cloning animals is hardly new. The first major success was Dolly the sheep, born in 1996 as the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. In 2005, researchers in South Korea cloned the first dog.
But the news this week that singer Barbra Streisand had cloned her dog grabbed international headlines, and sparked fresh outrage from animal rights groups.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) president Ingrid Newkirk issued a statement saying she would "love to have talked her out of cloning," noting that "millions of wonderful adoptable dogs are languishing in animal shelters every year or dying in terrifying ways when abandoned."
Vicki Katrinak, program manager for animal research issues at the Humane Society of the United States, agreed.
Companies that clone animals are "preying on grieving pet owners, giving them a false promise that they are going to replicate their beloved pet," she told AFP.
"Pet cloning doesn't replicate a pet's personality," she said, adding there is "no justification" for the practice.
Clients rich and poor
Just how many pets are cloned each year is unclear. The main US company engaged in the practice, ViaGen Pets, declined AFP's requests for comment.
"We have produced thousands of happy, healthy cloned cows and hundreds of cloned horses," says its website, adding that company scientists "have been developing successful animal cloning and reproductive technology for over 15 years."
A former employee of ViaGen, who spoke to AFP on condition of anonymity, estimated that the Texas-based company has cloned around 100 cats and dogs.
The other main source for cloned pets is the Sooam Biotech Research Foundation in Seoul, South Korea, which says it has cloned some 800 pets and charges $100,000 each.
Many companies have tried and failed to make the pet cloning business work.
Ron Gillespie, a former cattle semen salesman, owns a company called PerPETuate, which collects pet DNA for $1,300 plus a storage fee.
They used to do pet cloning, but now farm it out to other companies like ViaGen Pets, he said.
His client list runs the gamut from rich to poor, he said.
"I have a homeless man and I have a celebrity," said Gillespie, adding that the homeless man was not out on the street when he paid for to have his dog's DNA frozen, but fell into dire financial straits afterward.
Now, he desperately wants "to get his dog back," but is unsure if he will ever be able to pay for a clone, Gillespie said.
How it works
Dogs can be cloned up to five days after they die and cats up to three, as long as the corpses are kept cool, Gillespie said.
Ideally, though, the pet should be alive when the veterinarian takes a tissue biopsy, a chunk of skin and muscle about the size of a pencil eraser.
The next step is to take an egg cell from a donor dog, remove the egg's nucleus, and insert DNA from the pet to be cloned.
When an embryo develops, it is transplanted in the womb of a surrogate dog.
Animal rights groups say the process causes undue suffering to the dogs that provide the egg cells and carry the embryos.
"Because cloning has a high failure rate, many dogs are caged and tormented for every birth that actually occurs," said Newkirk.
Traits that will carry over can include temperament, physical characteristics and genetic flaws. Coat patterns may differ, and the cloned animal will have no awareness of the life its predecessor lived.
According to Must, the puppy that was cloned from Billy is playful and fearless, like her. They also share the same petite frame, shiny coat and big paws.
"They look exactly alike for sure. She will do things like Billy does, like putting her head down and rolling into your lap," said Must.
She named the puppy Gunni, after the town in Colorado, Gunnison, where her daughter lived, and is grateful for the respite from grief the canine has provided.
She was born the same week as the anniversary of her daughter's passing. The puppy's first ultrasound took place—coincidentally—on Miya's birthday.
"It was singularly one of the best decisions that I have made," Must said.
"It has given me a new lease on life."
